中国人写英语论文最常犯的错误

TIME:2021-09-03 | WRITER:admin

敏言译牛：
老外Felicia Brittman总结了一篇有关中国人写英语文章最常犯的错误，选材来自200多个中国工程研究生撰写英文论文。 我们转发于此，同时机器翻译成中文帮助您阅读， 文章是长了一些，但如果您经常需要书写英文论文， 建议您一定耐心读完，相信会对您有帮助。 


The Most Common Habits
from more than 200 English Papers
written by Graduate Chinese
Engineering Students
最常见的习惯
来自200多个中国工程研究生撰写英文论文

By Felicia Brittman


This paper presents some of the most common Chinese-English habits observed from over two hundred English technical papers by Chinese writers. The habits are explained and in most cases, example text from an actual paper is given along with preferred text. An attempt is made to explain how to correct and prevent such mistakes.In some cases a possible explanation of why the habit occurs is also given. This paper can serve as an individual guide to editing technical papers especially when a native English-speaking editor is unavailable.
本文介绍了中国作家从200多篇英文技术论文中观察到的一些最常见的汉英习惯。习惯被解释，并且在大多数情况下，来自实际论文的示例文本与优选文本一起给出。试图解释如何纠正和防止这种错误。在某些情况下，也给出了为什么会出现这种习惯的一个可能的解释。本文可以作为编辑技术文章的单独指南，特别是当英文母语编辑器不可用时。

Introduction
介绍

Most Chinese universities require their doctoral and master candidates in technical and scientific fields to publish at least one English paper in an international journal as a degree requirement. However, many factors make this task difficult to accomplish. First, previous English studies may not have focused enough on writing, let alone technical writing. Current studies may not include English, causing the writers English fluency level to decline. Second, most writers have never lived in an Englishspeaking country. Third, due to the special aspects of technical writing, even native English-speaking engineering students have a technical writing course as part of their study.
大多数中国大学要求博士和硕士在技术和科学领域的候选人在国际期刊上至少要发表一篇英文论文作为学位要求。然而，许多因素使这项任务难以完成。首先，以前的英语学习可能不够专注于写作，更不用说技术写作了。目前的研究可能不包括英文，导致作家英文流利程度下降。其次，大多数作家从来没有住在说英语的国家。第三，由于技术写作的特殊性，即使是母语为英语的工科学生也有一门技术写作课程作为学习的一部分。

Too often, students’ papers are returned unaccepted because of poor English. If available, students may have their papers edited by a native English speaker. However, this can get expensive for a department that has many students with each paper typically needing to be edited twice. Hiring someone to edit papers is difficult, costly and only puts a patch over the problem. A native English speaker can do a good job at getting rid of most of the grammatical mistakes. However, if this person does not have a technical background, particularly in the area of the papers he is editing, he is unable to get rid of all of the mistakes and make sure that the meaning is clear. He cannot recognize the incorrect translation of technical terms for which there is a standard word. Such mistakes will not be picked up by the processor’s spelling and grammar checker. In addition, if they are not familiar with the topic or field, they may not grasp the meaning of the entire article and fail to make critical edits.
学生的论文往往由于英文不好而被拒绝接受。如果有的话，学生可以用英语为母语的人编辑论文。但是，对于每个纸张都有许多学生的部门，这通常会花费两倍的代价。聘请某人编辑论文是困难的，代价高昂，只能解决这个问题。英语为母语的人可以很好地摆脱大部分的语法错误。但是，如果这个人没有技术背景，特别是在他正在编辑的论文领域，他是无法摆脱所有的错误，并确保其意义是明确的。他不能认识到有标准词汇的技术术语的错误翻译。处理器的拼写和语法检查程序不会收到这样的错误。另外，如果他们不熟悉这个话题或者领域，他们可能就不会把握整篇文章的意思，也不会做出重大的修改。

Hiring a person with a technical background similar to that of the papers being edited is a better option. Nevertheless, while a person with a technical background may be able to edit the paper sufficiently, he may not be able to explain to the writer how to prevent such mistakes in the future. Besides, it is difficult for most Chinese universities to hire such staff simply for editing. Universities may consider inviting a visiting scholar who will edit papers in addition to doing research or teaching as part of an exchange.
雇用一个技术背景类似于正在编辑的文件是一个更好的选择。尽管如此，虽然有技术背景的人可以充分编辑论文，但他可能无法向作者解释未来如何防止这种错误。此外，大多数中国大学很难聘请这样的员工进行编辑。大学可能会考虑邀请访问学者编辑论文，除了做研究或教学交流的一部分。

Although editing may be the fastest way to publish papers, it does little in the way of teaching the writers how to prevent common mistakes and colloquial habits that prevent a clear understanding of the writer’s ideas. Writers who have already obtained an impressing command of the English language can only truly benefit if they are made aware of their common mistakes and colloquial habits and how to prevent them.
尽管编辑可能是发表论文的最快方式，但是在教导作者如何防止常见错误和口语习惯妨碍对作者思想的清晰理解方面，却没有什么作用。已经获得令人印象深刻的英语语言的作家只有意识到自己常见的错误和口语习惯以及如何预防英语才能真正获益。

Purpose
目的

The purpose of this report is to introduce the most common habits in ChineseEnglish writing as noted from the over two hundred papers I have edited. The habits include grammar mistakes, colloquialisms, and formatting problems and in most cases prevent a clear understanding of the writer’s ideas. A few of the habits, such as writing extremely long sentences, can be corrected with careful use of the MS Word® grammar and style checker. However, most habits, such as missing articles, go unnoticed by automatic grammar checking devices. Still, Chinese-English colloquial habits are not recognized by such software tools.
这篇报告的目的是介绍我编写的200多篇论文中最常见的中文英文写作习惯。习惯包括语法错误，俗语和格式问题，并且在大多数情况下妨碍了对作者思想的清晰理解。一些习惯，如写非常长的句子，可以通过仔细使用MSWord®语法和样式检查来纠正。然而，大多数习惯，比如缺失的文章，都不会被自动语法检查设备所察觉。但是，中英文口语习惯却不被这些软件工具所认可。

Structure
结构

The common habits are presented in two sections. The first section lists the habits that, in my opinion, need the most attention. These habits interrupt the flow of the paper making it difficult to understand and occur most frequently. In this section, the habits are explained, example sentences from actual papers are given to show the habits, and the sentences are rewritten to show the correct way to write them. In the case of missing articles, a flow chart is also given to aid in choosing the correct articles.
常见的习惯分为两部分。第一部分列出了我认为最需要关注的习惯。这些习惯中断了纸张的流动，使其难以理解并最频繁地发生。在这一部分，习惯被解释，给出了实际论文的例句以显示习惯，并且句子被改写，以显示写出它们的正确方式。在丢失物品的情况下，还会给出流程图以帮助选择正确的物品。

In the second section, an additional list of habits is given. In some cases, example sentences are given. In other cases, advice is given. The second section is very useful in becoming familiar with small nuances.
在第二部分中，给出了一个额外的习惯列表。在某些情况下，给出例句。在其他情况下，给出建议。第二部分对于熟悉细微差别非常有用。

Not all of the common habits I observed are presented mainly because they can only be dealt with on an individual basis. For example, writers had difficulty titling their papers and naming new technical ideas to express their contents and functions concisely. This problem frequently occurred but it can only be addressed individually. Once writers are aware of their habits, they would be able to write better technical English articles.
我所观察到的并不是所有的常见习惯，主要是因为只能单独处理。 例如，作者很难发表论文，指出新的技术思想来简洁地表达其内容和功能。 这个问题经常发生，但只能单独解决。 一旦作家意识到自己的习惯，他们就可以写出更好的技术英语文章。

Section 1
第一章
“a, an, the”
冠词

The single most common habit is the omission of articles a, an, and the. This occurs because Mandarin has no direct equivalent of articles and the rules for using them are somewhat complicated for a non-native speakers.
唯一最常见的习惯是遗漏物品a，an，and。发生这种情况是因为普通话与文章没有直接的对应关系，使用这些文章的规则对于非母语人士来说有些复杂。

Articles signal that a noun will follow and that any modifiers between the article and the noun refer to that noun (a big blue bicycle / the first award). A and an are indefinite articles; the is a definite article. Every time a singular noncount noun, a common noun that names one countable item, is used the noun requires some kind of determiner.
文章表明一个名词将会跟随，文章和名词之间的任何修饰词指的是那个名词（一辆大蓝色的自行车/第一个奖项）。 A和A是不定冠词;这是一个明确的文章。每次使用一个单数的非数量名词（一个名称是一个可数项的普通名词）时，名词就需要某种确定因子。

Mistake: The, a, and an are 1) omitted where they are required, 2) used where they are not needed or contribute to wordiness 3) used wrongly in place of the correct article.
错误：在需要的地方，a，a被省略，2）在不需要的地方使用，或者造成罗嗦3）错误地使用而不是正确的文章。

Examples of incorrect usages:
错误用法的例子

Incorrect  
Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surface of main and splitter blades.15

Correct  
Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface of the main and splitter blades.15

Incorrect  
The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be a 3D modeling tool; it is good at dealing with free surfaces and curves.4
Correct  
The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be the 3D modeling tool; it is good at dealing with free surfaces and curves.4

There was only one 3D modeling tool used in this study, therefore ‘3D modeling tool’ is specific and requires the article the.

Incorrect  
A theoretical method for calculating the inner flow-field in centrifugal impeller with splitter blades and investigation of the interactions between main and splitter blades is presented in this paper. The vortices are distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulate the effects of flows. Systematical study of number and distribution of vortices is conducted.15

Correct  
A theoretical method for calculating the inner flow-field in a centrifugal impeller with splitter blades and an investigation of the interactions between main and splitter blades is presented in this paper. The vortices are distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulate the effects of flows. A systematical study of the number and distribution of vortices is conducted.15
Incorrect  
Theoretically, remanufacturing could fully take advantage of resources contained in EOF product thereby minimizing impact on environment to the greatest extent compared to landfill or recycling of materials; consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation.16

Correct  
Theoretically, remanufacturing could fully take advantage of resources contained in an EOF product thereby minimizing the impact on the environment to the greatest extent compared to landfill or recycling of materials; consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation.16


Definitions:
定义

Articles
冠词

Also called determiners or noun markers, articles are the words a, an, and the. A and an are indefinite articles, and the is a definite article. Articles signal that a noun will follow and that any modifiers between the article and the noun refer to that noun. ( a cold , metal chair/ the lightning-fast computer).
也称为确定者或名词标记，文章是单词a，an和the。 A和A是不定冠词，而且是一个明确的文章。文章表明一个名词将会跟随，文章和名词之间的任何修饰词都指那个名词。 （一个冷的金属椅/闪电般的电脑）。

Determiners
限定词
A word or word group, traditionally identified as an adjective, that limits a noun by telling how much or how many about it. (expression of quantity, limiting adjective, marker) They tell whether a noun is general (a tree) or specific (the tree). The is a definite article. Before a noun, the conveys that the known refers to a specific item (the plan). A and an are indefinite articles. They convey that a noun refers to an item in a nonspecific or general way (a plan).
传统上被认为是形容词的单词或单词组，通过告诉它多少或多少来限制一个名词。 （表达量，限制形容词，标记）他们告诉一个名词是一般的（树）还是具体的（树）。这是一个明确的文章。在名词之前，传达已知的是指特定的项目（计划）。 A和一个是不确定的条款。他们表示，名词是指非特定或一般方式的一个项目（一个计划）。

Common nouns
常用名词
A noun that names a general group, place, person, or thing: dog, house.
一个名词，指一般群体，地点，人物或事物：狗，房子。

Count noun
可数名词
A noun that names an item or items that can be counted: radio, streets, idea, fingernails.
一个名词，可以计数的项目或项目：广播，街道，想法，指甲。

Noncount nouns
不可数名词
A noun that names a thing that cannot be counted: water, time.
一个名字，不能被计算的东西：水，时间。

Specific noun
特定名词
A noun understood to be exactly and specifically referred to; uses the definite article the.
一个名词被理解为正确和具体提到;使用定冠词。

Nonspecific noun
非特定名词
A noun that refers to any of a number of identical items; it takes the indefinite articles a , an.
名词，指任何一些相同的物品;它采取不定冠词a，an。

Very long sentences
很长的句子

Very long sentences are especially common in Chinese-English writing because the writers often translate directly from Chinese to English. Although, in Chinese writing it is acceptable to put several supporting ideas in on sentence to show their relationship, in English, the main idea and each supporting idea is typically written in separate sentences.
非常长的句子在中英文写作中尤为常见，因为作者往往直接从中文翻译成英文。尽管在中文写作中可以用一些支持的观点来表达他们之间的关系，但在英语中，主要观点和每个支持观点通常用单独的句子来写。

One can usually recognize a very long sentence by its length – sixty words or more. However, sentences of smaller lengths can also be too long if they contain multiple statements that confuse the main idea. Long sentences can be avoided by limiting each sentence to one or two topics. Semicolons should be used where the writer really wants to emphasize the relationship between ideas.
人们通常可以根据其长度来识别一个很长的句子 - 六十字以上。但是，如果长度较短的句子包含多个混淆主要观点的陈述，则句子也可能太长。通过将每个句子限制为一个或两个主题，可以避免长句子。在作者真正想要强调想法之间的关系的地方应该使用分号。

Too long
太长
According to the characteristic of fan-coil air-conditioning systems, this paper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on the heat transfer theories and puts forward a new method to gauge cooling named Cooling Metering on the Airside, which can monitor the individual air-conditioning cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting the parameters of inlet air condition – temperature and humidity – of the fan-coil air-conditioning system as well as the parameters of inlet cooling water provided by the chiller.

Correct
正确
This paper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on the characteristics of fan-coil air-conditioning systems and heat transfer theories, and puts forward a new method to gauge cooling called Cooling Metering on the Air-side. The new method can monitor individual air-conditioning cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting the condition of inlet air – temperature and humidity – of the fan-coil air-conditioning system as well as the parameters of the inlet cooling water provided by the chiller.

Too long
太长
The gear transmission is grade seven, the gear gap is 0.00012 radians, the gear gap has different output values corresponding to any given input value, nonlinearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase function method, the existing backlash block in the non-linear library of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used, the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.9


Correct
正确
The gear transmission is grade seven. The gear gap, which is 0.00012 radians, has different output values corresponding to any given input value. The nonlinearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase function method. The existing backlash block in the non-linear library of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used; the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.

Another type of super-long sentence that frequently occurs in technical papers is that of a list. The writer wants to give a large amount of data, usually parameter values, and puts this information into one long, paragraph-sized sentence. However, the best way to give such type and quantity of information is to tabulate it (put it in a bulleted list).
技术论文中经常出现的另一类超长句子就是一个列表。作者想要给出大量的数据，通常是参数值，并将这些信息放入一个长段落大小的句子中。但是，提供这种类型和数量的信息的最好方法是列表（列入项目列表）。

Too long
太长
…where m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elastic shaft, e is the eccentricity of the mass center from the geometric center of the disk, φ is the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and the ξ axis,  kξ and  kη are the stiffness coefficients in two principal directions of shaft respectively, c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk,  ci is the inner damping coefficient of shaft, ω is the rotating speed,  ξs and ηs are the components of initial bend in directions of ξ ,η axes respectively: ξs =rb cosθ, ηs =rb sinθ .1

Correct
正确
Where m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elasticshaft, e is the eccentricity of the mass center from the geometric center of the disk, φ is the angle between the orientation of the eccentricity and the ξ axis, kξ and kη are the stiffness coefficients in the two principal directions of the shaft, c is the viscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk, ci is the inner damping coefficient of the shaft, ω is the rotating speed, ξs and ηs are the components of initial bend in directions of ξ ,η axes, respectively: ξs =rb cosθ, ηs =rb sinθ .

Too long
太长
The clear height of the case is 6.15 meters; the thickness of the roof is 0.85 meters; the thickness of the bottom is 0.90 meters, the overall width is 26.6 meters, the overall length of the axial cord is 304.5 meters, the length of the jacking section is about 148.8 meters; the weight of the case is about 24127 tons.3

Clear
明确
• Case clearance height    6.15 meters 
• Roof thickness    0.85 meters 
• Bottom thickness    0.90 meters 
• Overall width    26.6 meters 
• Overall length of the axial cord    304.5 meters 
• Length of the jacking section    148.8 meters (approx.) 
• Weight of the case    24127 tons (approx.)

Prefacing the main idea of a sentence by stating the purpose, location or reason first
首先阐述一个句子的主要思想，首先说明目的，位置或理由

Chinese writers often preface the main topic of a sentence by first stating the purpose, location, reason, examples and conditions as introductory elements. However, this has the effect of demoting the importance of the main idea and making the reader think the author is indirect. Bring the main idea to the beginning of the sentence stating any locations, reasons, etc., afterwards.
中国作家通常首先将目的，位置，原因，实例和条件作为介绍性的元素，来引导一个句子的主题。但是，这样做会降低主要思想的重要性，使读者认为作者是间接的。把主要想法带到句子的开头，说明任何地点，原因等等。

Incorrect
不正确
For the application in automobile interiors, this paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing. 5

Correct
正确
This paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing for application in automobile interiors.

Incorrect
不正确
Especially when numerical control (NC) techniques[4] are widely used in industry and rapid prototype methods[5][6] bring a huge economical benefits, the advantage of constructing 3D model[7][8][9] becomes extremely obvious.2

Correct
正确
The advantage of constructing a 3D model[7][8][9] becomes extremely obvious especially when numerical control (NC) techniques[4] are widely used in industry and rapid prototype methods[5][6] bring a huge economical benefits.

Incorrect
不正确
Inside the test box, the space was filled with asbestos.15

Correct
正确
The space inside the test box was filled with asbestos.

Incorrect
不正确
In practice, we employed this approach to dispose of a wheelhouse subassembly of one kind of auto-body, and the results show that this method is feasible.16

Correct
正确
We employed this approach to dispose of a wheelhouse subassembly of one kind of auto-body, and the results show that this method is feasible.

Incorrect
不正确
To ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality, CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production.16

Correct
不正确
CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production to ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality.

Tendency of placing phrases which indicate time at the beginning of a sentence
在句子的开头放置表示时间的短语的倾向

Incorrect
不正确
When U is taken as the control parameter, the BDs for ∆=0.0, 0.001, 0.005 are shown in Fig. 8.
correct
正确
Figure 8 shows the BDs for ∆=0.0, 0.001, and 0.005 when U is taken as the control parameter.

Place the most important subject at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis
在句子的开头放置最重要的主题以强调

Incorrect
不正确
Based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model, the extended STL format is described in this section.4
基于从无组织点或CAD模型构建的三角测量结构，扩展STL格式在本节中描述

Correct
正确
The extended STL format is described in this section based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model.

Incorrect
不正确
The 3D dentition defect and restoration element models are designed precisely with complicated surfaces.4
Correct
正确
The 3D dentition defect and restoration element models with complicated surfaces are designed precisely.

“which/ that”
The antecedent (noun or pronoun) to which which refers is not specific, causing confusion.

Antecedent
先行词
The noun or pronoun to which a pronoun refers.
代名词所指的名词或代词。

‘The Shijiazhuang south road underground bridge possesses the largest jacking force, which is built at 1978(10680t).’ [‘Shijiazhuang south road underground bridge possesses the largest jacking force which is built at 1978(10680t).’

Absolute truths in paleontology are often elusive, and even the filmmakers were surprised at the fierce arguments that split the scientists when an initial brainstorming session was else.

‘Respectively’ and ‘respective’

Respectively refers back to two or more persons or things only in the order they were previously designated or mentioned. If two lists are given, respectively pairs the list entries according to the order in which they are given. In this case the use of respectively is to allow the writer to give a lot of information without confusing the reader or writing several short sentences. Respectively is usually at the end of the sentence. In both cases, mentioning the order must be important to the meaning of the sentence otherwise it is not used.
只能按照他们以前指定或提到的顺序分别回顾两个或两个以上的人或事物。如果给出两个列表，分别按照给定的顺序对列表条目进行配对。在这种情况下，分别的使用是让作者提供大量的信息而不会使读者感到困惑或者写几个短句。通常分别在句尾。在这两种情况下，提到的顺序对于句子的含义必须是重要的，否则就不会被使用。

For example: Bobby, Nicole and Daren wore red, green and blue coats, respectively. 
例如：Bobby，Nicole和Daren分别穿着红色，绿色和蓝色的外套。

Respective to two or more persons or things only in the order they were previously designated or mentioned.
对于两个或两个以上的人员或事物，只能按照他们之前指定或提到的顺序进行。

The uses of these two words are usually incorrect or confusing as in the following examples.
这两个词的用法通常是不正确的或混乱的，如下面的例子。

1. Respectively is misplaced in the sentence; it is put before the nouns to which it refers.
1.分别放错了句子;它被放在它所指的名词的前面。

Incorrect
不正确
Equations 2～6 can be respectively linearized as:……(equations given)…13
Correct
正确
Equations 2～6 can be linearized as:……(equations given)…,respectively.

Incorrect
不正确
The weights of the two experts are respectively 0.600 and 0.400.19

Correct
正确
The weights of the two experts are 0.600 and 0.400,respectively.

2. Respectively is inserted to express that there is a certain order in which something was done. However, the order is already implied elsewhere in the sentence or does not need to be expressed because it does not add value to meaning of the sentence.

Incorrect
不正确
If both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process are, respectively, below certain scores, then we refer to strategy 1, otherwise, if either is, respectively, above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 2. Similarly, if the core technology and core quality are, respectively, above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 3, otherwise, if either is, respectively, below a certain score, then we refer to strategy 4.19

Correct
正确
If both the core technology score and core quality score of a bottleneck process are below certain scores, then we refer to strategy 1, otherwise, if either is above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 2. Similarly, if the core technology and core quality are above a certain score, then we refer to strategy 3, otherwise, if either is below a certain score, then we refer to strategy 4.

Incorrect
不正确
Then, the rows of vortex due to both of the long and short blades are transformed into two singularities on the ζ -plane and integrate the induced velocity along the bladesrespectively.20

Correct
正确
Then, the rows of vortex due to both of the long and short blades are transformed into two singularities on the ζ -plane and integrate the induced velocity along the blades.

3. In addition to 2, it is unclear to what ‘respectively’ refers.

Incorrect
不正确
The dynamic characteristics of a rotor with asymmetric stiffness or with initial warp have been studied before respectively [1-4]

Correct
正确
The dynamic characteristics of a rotor with asymmetric stiffness or with initial warp have been studied before [1-4].

Incorrect
不正确
The inlet and outlet temperature of the air cooler were measured using two thermocouples respectively.17

Correct
正确
The inlet and outlet temperature of the air cooler were measured by using two thermocouples.

‘In this paper’, ‘in this study’

Two errors occur when these phrases are used. The first is overuse. In some papers written by Chinese, these phrases can occur as much as twice per page. In papers written by native English writers these phrases are reserved for primarily two uses
使用这些短语时会发生两个错误。首先是过度使用。在中文写的一些文章中，这些短语每页可能会出现两次。在由英国本土作家撰写的论文中，这些短语主要用于两种用途

1. In the introduction and conclusion to emphasize the content of the paper.
在介绍和总结中强调论文的内容。
2. In the body of the paper, after referring to work not done by the author such as in other journal articles or in standard.
在论文的正文中，提到作者未完成的工作，例如其他期刊论文或标准。

Therefore, if either phrase occurs more than three times in a paper, its use is questionable. Actually, the reader is aware that the work presented is by the author (unless the author states otherwise) so there is no reason to repeat these phrases.
因此，如果在一篇论文中出现三次以上的话，其使用是有问题的。实际上，读者意识到所提交的作品是作者（除非作者另有说明），所以没有理由重复这些短语。

The second error is more subtle. The two phrases are interchanged.
第二个错误是更微妙的。这两个短语互换。

Awkward
尴尬
In this paper, IDEAS was used to ….
Correct
正确
In this study, IDEAS was used to….

Awkward
尴尬
In the paper, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, it components equivalent physical parameters are obtained by UG design and testing.9
Correct
正确
In this study, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, it components equivalent physical parameters are obtained by UG design and testing.

The ‘study’ is the work the author/s did. The paper is the mode to present this work and is what the reader is holding/ reading. Keep in mind the writer can also use other phrases such as ‘in this research’, and ‘this paper present’.


Numbers and Equations
数字和等式

Two very common errors are those concerning the presentation of Arabic numerals, and equations. Chinese writers usually write Arabic numerals instead of spelling out the word. The use of Arabic numerals, itself, is not an error however; they should never be used at the beginning of sentences.
两个非常常见的错误是有关阿拉伯数字和方程式的介绍。中国作家通常写阿拉伯数字，而不是拼出单词。然而，使用阿拉伯数字本身并不是一个错误，他们不应该在句子的开头使用。

Incorrect
不正确
12 parameters were selected for the experiment.
Correct
正确
Twelve parameters were selected for the experiment.

In addition, Arabic numerals are overused. Arabic numerals should be used to give data in technical papers, however they should not be used to give general information.
另外，阿拉伯数字被过度使用。阿拉伯数字应该用于在技术文件中提供数据，但不应该用来提供一般信息

Incorrect
不正确
All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.
Correct
正确
All three studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.

This probably stems from the fact that Mandarin is a symbolic language and not alphabetic. Thus, the writer will find it easier to write a symbol that expresses the idea instead of the word. This problem is even more serious when equations are used in place of words in a way that is not practiced by native English speakers. Consider the following examples.
这可能源于普通话是一种象征性的语言，而不是字母的事实。因此，作者会发现写一个表达意思的符号而不是单词更容易。当方程式用来代替单词时，这个问题更加严重，而这种方式并不是以英语为母语的人所习惯的。考虑下面的例子。

Equations should be introduced as much as possible, not inserted in place of words. Most journals, like the International Journal of Production Research, discourage the use of even short expressions within the text.
方程式应该尽可能地引入，而不是插入到文字中。大多数期刊，如“国际生产研究杂志”（International Journal of Production Research），都不鼓励在文本中使用短语。

Incorrect
不正确
If the power battery SOC > SOClo and the driving torque belongs to the middle load,…
Correct
正确
If the power battery SOC is greater than SOClo and the driving torque belongs to the middle load,…

Incorrect
不正确
All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.
Correct
正确
All three studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.

Format
格式

Paragraphs
段落

A paragraph is a group of sentences that develop one topic or thought. Paragraphs are separated to indicate the end of one idea or thought and the beginning of another. All English paragraphs start on a new line with an indent of about one inch or with an extra line between the two paragraphs. The latter is more typical for business writing.
一段是一组发展一个话题或思想的句子。段落被分开以表示一个想法或思想的结束，另一个的开始。所有的英文段落都以一个大约一英寸的缩进或两段之间的多余行开始。后者对商业写作来说更为典型。

Chinese students are often puzzled by separating paragraphs; the may perform one of two error. One error occurs when the writer fails to distinguish between two paragraphs. Although the new paragraph starts on a new line, there is no indentation, therefore, the reader in is not aware of the change in paragraphs or ideas. The second error occurs when a paragraph is preceded by a single sentence on a single line. The single line is indented along with the succeeding paragraph as in example #. This commonly occurs in Chinese texts but is never done in English.
中国学生往往被分隔段落困惑;可能会执行两个错误之一。编写器无法区分两个段落时发生错误。虽然新的段落是从新的一行开始的，但是没有缩进，因此，读者并没有意识到段落或想法的改变。第二个错误发生在一个段落前面的一行单个句子。单行与随后的段落一起缩进，如示例＃中所示。这通常发生在中文文本，但从来没有用英文完成。

‘Figure’ and ‘Table’
'图'和'表'
The abbreviations for figure and table are Fig. and Tbl, respectively. However, the abbreviation of table is rarely seen in text. One can also write fig. for figure. However, one should choose one convention and use it throughout the paper. You should not switch between, Figure, figure, Fig, or fig. In addition, abbreviations are not used at the beginning of sentences and a space belongs between the word/ abbreviation and the number.
图和表的缩写分别是图1和图1。但是，表格的缩写在文本中很少见到。人们也可以写无花果。为图。但是，应该选择一个惯例并在整个论文中使用它。你不应该在图，图，图或图之间切换。另外，在句子的开头不使用缩写，并且在单词/缩写和数字之间有一个空格。

Incorrect
不正确
Figure.6, Figure6, Fig.6, Tbl10
Correct
正确
Figure 6, Fig. 6, Tbl. 10

Variables Variables, especially those of the English alphabet, should be italicized in technical papers to distinguish them from English words. Of course, this depends on the style required by the journal.
变量变量，特别是英文字母的变量，应该在技术文件中用斜体表示，以区别于英文单词。当然，这取决于期刊所要求的风格。

Capitals Be careful that capitals are not in the middle of the sentence.
首都要小心，首都不在句子的中间。

Incorrect
不正确
In table 1, The mark…
Correct
In table 1, the mark…

‘such as’ and ‘etc.’
“如”和“等”

Such as and etc. are commonly misused by Chinese-English writers. Such as means ‘for example’ and implies that an incomplete list will follow; etc. means ‘and so on’ and is used at the end of a list to show it is not complete. Therefore, using such as and etc. together is redundant.
如英文等作者常被滥用。例如，意思是“例如”，意味着会有一个不完整的列表;等等的意思是“等等”，并用在列表的末尾来表示它不完整。因此，一起使用等是多余的。

Incorrect
不正确
Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable products such as automobile motors, printers, and etc.11
Correct
正确
Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable products such as automobile motors, and printers.

Such as means that an incomplete list will be given and should not be used when a complete list is given.
这意味着一个不完整的列表将被给出，并且当给出完整的列表时不应该被使用。

Incorrect
不正确
Compared to traditional industry, Micro-electronic fabrication has three characteristics such as high complexity, high precision and high automation.
Correct
正确
Compared to traditional industry, Micro-electronic fabrication has three characteristics: high complexity, high precision and high automation.

Section 2
第二节

1) Some words have identical singular and plural forms and do not need an s added on to make them plural. These words include: • literature (when referring to research) • equipment, • staff (referring to a group of people) • faculty
1）有些单词有相同的单数和复数形式，不需要加上复数形式。这些文字包括：•文学（指研究时）•设备•工作人员（指一群人）•教师

4) Never begin an English sentence with abbreviations and Arabic numerals such as Fig. and 8. Instead write Figure and Eight.
 4）切勿开始使用缩写和阿拉伯数字的英文句子，如图8和8。

5) Do not write ‘by this way’. Instead write ‘by doing this’, or ‘using this method’.
5）不要写'这样'。而是写'通过这样做'或'使用这种方法'。

6) Never write ‘How to…’ at the beginning of a sentence. (Don’t say it either.)
6）不要在句子的开头写上“如何......”。 （也不要说。）

No
不是
How to find the optimal parameter is the main objective.
Yes
是
Determining how to find the optimal parameter is the main objective.

7) Do write ‘the results are shown in Figure 2’. Do not write ‘the results are showed as Figure 2’.
7）写“结果如图2所示”。不要写'结果如图2'所示。

8) Italicize variables appearing in the text to differentiate them from words. This is especially important when the variables are English alphabets. Write ‘The graph shows t, a, and C as a function of time’. Do not write ‘The graph shows t, a, and C as a function of time’.
8）在文本中出现斜体变量以区分它们与单词。变量是英文字母时，这一点尤为重要。写'图表显示t，a和C作为时间的函数'。不要写'图表显示t，a和C作为时间的函数'。

9) Refrain from using the word obviously in a technical paper in the following way
9）不要在技术文件中明显使用这个词

No
不是
Obviously, detecting regimes by means of PMH maps is a novel method.8
Yes
是
Detecting regimes by means of PMH maps is a novel method.8

10) International papers should not use location dependant terms such as ‘at home’, ‘abroad’, ‘here’, ‘our country’ because the reader most likely is not Chinese and not in China. Instead, write ‘in China’.
10）国际论文不应该使用“在家”，“在国外”，“在这里”，“我们的国家”等地点相关术语，因为读者很可能不是中国人，而不是中国人。相反，写在“中国”。

11) Avoid overusing the phrases ‘that is to say’ and ‘namely’. Instead, try to convey your meaning in one sentence.
11）避免过度使用“即是说”和“即”两个短语。相反，试着用一句话来表达你的意思。

12) Do not use ‘too’ at the end of a written sentence, especially in a technical paper.
12）不要在书面句子结尾使用“太”，特别是在技术文件中。


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